Arthur Millers The Crucible In connection to McCarthyism

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. History is a chronological record of events. These events, whether positive or tragic, often repeat themselves. The McCarthy Hearings that took place in the 1950s are a good example of this. The accusations of communism led to a nation-wide hysteria and fear of who was going to be named next. When this was over, the hope would be that nothing like it would ever happen again and nothing like it had ever happened before. However, we have not only repeated it on various occasions, but through Arthur Millers The Crucible, we also see the parallel of the event with the Salem Witch hunts that took place years before the hearings. The connection between The Crucible and the†¦show more content†¦This made his claims very convincing and much more believable than the allegations made by children. Another difference was that the McCarthy hearings were on much larger scale than the Salem Witch hunts. In the McCarthy hearings nearly 10,000 people were affected, many of whom lost their jobs and their lives ruined. (Schrecker) The Salem Witch Trials were on a much smaller scale; only about 140 were affected. (Boyer) A third difference was that anyone who was accused of being a witch and did not confess or expose someone else was hung. Although more people were affected, no one was ever killed during the McCarthy Hearings. Hysteria is defined as behavior exhibiting excessive or uncontrollable emotion, such as fear or panic. The McCarthy Hearings and the Salem Witch Trials were both hysterias. McCarthy did not create the communist problem, but he exploited it shamelessly for political ends, accusing the Democrats in general with baseless, sweeping, shotgun allegations. He was a master of the sound bite, and played the press like a harp. (Pinto) This was a time when people were afraid of war and the spread of communism. Because of this, they were easy victims to be caught up in the hysteria. McCarthy accused people to have ties with communism based on little evidence and thousands of people were wrongly accused. Joe McCarthy was nosier, more impulsive, and more skillful in gaining publicity than the rest of the anticommunist network. (SchreckerShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between The Crucible And Mccarthyism812 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent: they both incite hysteria. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a n allegorical play mirroring 1950’s America during the Red Scare. â€Å"McCarthyism† is the act of accusing someone of an act of treason without substantial evidence. It relies on the uncertainty and the fear of the unknown among people, which in turn, incites hysteria. Joseph McCarthy accused many people of being communists without much evidence or reason. The accusations in The Crucible also are proposed without evidence and causeRead MoreSimilarities Between The Crucible And Salem Witch Trials1079 Words   |  5 Pages The Crucible is a play that explains the story the Salem Witch trials. Arthur Miller, is the author of this play. McCarthyism played a big role in the creation of The Crucible. Many differences and similarities were drawn between the play and the Red Scare. The horrors of history are passed on from generation to generation in hopes that they will never happen again. People look back on these times and are surprised at how terrible the times were. Yet, in the 1950s, history repeated itself. DuringRead MoreArthur Millers The Crucible And The Second Red Scare1293 Words   |  6 Pages In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Why I Wrote The Crucible†, Miller connects The Crucible and the Second Red Scare by highlighting his process of writing which in return displays the two different time era’s similarities. He states, â€Å"[W]hen I began to think of writing about the hunt for Reds in America, I was motivated in some great part by the paralysis that had set in among many liberals who, despite their discomfort with the inquisitors’ violations of civil rights, were fearful†¦of being identified as Communists†Read MoreThe Themes Of Mccarthyism In The Crucible By Arthur Miller1685 Words   |  7 Pagesoneself. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller emphasizes mass hysteria caused by people accusing innocent people to save oneself from death. Even though the Salem witch trials and the McCarthyism era took place in different time periods, they both show the reoccurring theme of chaos caused by lying and accusing others to save oneself. The Crucible, which illustrates the time during the Salem witch trials parallels McCarthyism because of the similar theme during both time periods, Miller’s personal experienceRead MoreHow Does Fear and Hysteria Play a Significant Role in Creating and Driving the Conflict and the Chaotic Events That Take Place in Arthur Millers the Crucible?1450 Words   |  6 Pagescreating and driving the conflict and the chaotic events that take place in Arthur Miller’s ‘ The Crucible’? Fear is a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil or pain, whether the threat is real or imagined.1 It causes feelings of dread and apprehension. Fear can lead to hysteria- a condition where community wide fear overwhelms logic and ends up justifying its own existence. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, fear and hysteria are the foundation and antecedent behind the bedlam andRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller1085 Words   |  5 Pagesthe character and the society. Arthur Miller in ‘The Crucible,’ deals with the internal/external conflicts of protagonist John Proctor, during the witch trials of Salem; showing the effects of â€Å"an individual opposed to the will of the majority.† Through the mass hysteria caused by Abigail, corruption of justice and weakness of man; we see clearly the effects of fear and how Miller’s work translates into his own situation, during the introduction of McCarthyism. The most dominant outward humanRead MoreAllegory For Mccarthyism In Arthur Millers The Crucible767 Words   |  4 Pagesto no evidence, but people were forced to confess or they would be prosecuted. Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† is an allegory for McCarthyism during the red scare due to the near parallel events that confide in the plot and history such the accused confessing to a crime they did not commit to save their life, people rising to power by taking advantage of others, anda accusations having merit with no evidence. â€Å"The Crucible† was written in 1952 just two years after the start of the McCarthy era. WithRead MoreArthur Millers The Crucible : An Allegory For Mccarthyism750 Words   |  3 Pagesworks and is paid according to their abilities and needs.† Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† is an allegory for McCarthyism during the red scare due to the identical proceeds that divulge within not only The Crucible’s plo t but also history, such as the accused confessing to a crime they did not commit to save their life, people rising to power by taking advantage of others, and accusations having credibility with no affirmation. â€Å"The Crucible† was published in 1952 just two years after the start of theRead More Arthur Miller Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Miller Arthur Miller, in his plays, deals with the injustice of societys moral values and the characters who are vulnerable to its cruelty. A good majority of these plays were very successful and earned numerous awards. According to Brooks Atkinson, a critic for the New York Times, Millers play Death of a Salesman was successful because the play is so simple in style and so inevitable in theme that it scarcely seems like a thing that has been written and acted. For Mr. MillerRead MoreThe Human Lust For Power By Arthur Miller1689 Words   |  7 PagesHistorians and philosophers alike constantly analyze its corrupting influence and recursive nature. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, however, highlights a different facet of power: the means by which individuals strive to obtain it. In particular, he focuses on social power and the use of accusatory labels, such as â€Å"witch,† to obtain this power. The story is also a clear extended analogy for American McCarthyism, compari ng the absurdity of the Salem witch trials to the equally ridiculous accusations of â€Å"communist

Juvenile Deliquency Essay - 559 Words

Juvenile Deliquency Juveniles who are incarcerated due to lack of opportunities should be educated in prison. Many young people enter and leave prison with numerous problems on their backs. A large amount of these juveniles are either literate or numerate, which in most cases, stem from school exclusion, truancy and other forms of disrupted education. Thom Gehring a Criminal Justice major looks at a school in the state of Texas named Witham; a survey he conducted throughout the high school proved that the majority of these students enrolled in Witham had a history of academic failure. Also he observed that the majority of those students eventually dropped out of school, and most of them ended up in prison within three years. I†¦show more content†¦State law requires that 60% of the inmates who are incarcerated with out high school diplomas must receive basic literacy programs, but the truth is only 30% of those have access to the programs. I was very shocked to find out that inmates are being s ystemically denied an opportunity for individual development. It seems obvious that these inmates are being educated in prison, but really, they arent. Prison education is important to me because most of my close friends and relatives were incarcerated at young ages. My uncle Malique is a prime example of a juvenile who took the wrong path in life. Malique was a juvenile who made some crucial mistakes while growing up, and is now paying for it serving time in prison. Malique grew up in North Philadelphia, a neighborhood in which there is nothing but trouble, a neighborhood in which the local schools are over populated and most students dont receive the proper amount of education needed to succeed. My uncle and I grew up in the same neighborhood, the same household, the same negative influences surrounding us, but the only difference is that I went off to college and he quit school and began to run the streets of a corrupt neighborhood. He became a product of his environment; this is the case with millions of juveniles in prison. These kids never got a chance to do something productive with their lives. It doesnt take long until bad influences of a violent neighborhood takesShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Deliquency in Ibadan, Nigeria15127 Words   |  61 PagesJUVENILE DELIQUENCY IN IBADAN, NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION In the 1990s, juvenile delinquency has become a major global problem. The rising incidence of juvenile delinquency in many countries may be caused by certain socio-economic problems often associated with development. These includes; poverty, rapid population growth, unemployment, urbanization, industrialization, inadequate shelter and housing, youth unemployment, and under employment, breakdown of the family unit, inadequateRead MoreSocial Outcasts and Juvenile Deliquency Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesstatus. Social outcast are also hated, discriminated and persecuted by the society and as a result they may result into being depressed and lonely. Juvenile Delinquency refers some illegal and antisocial behaviors by persons who are under the age of 18 thus are minors. This means behaviors that would be regarded as crime if done by an adult. Juvenile delinquent refers to those children or adolescent who behave in the said antisocial manner. Some of such behaviors are associated with mental disordersRead MoreWhat Leads to Juvenile Deliquency?1416 Words   |  6 PagesStudies have shown in the past, that some of the main underlying factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency are differential association, peer pressure, socialization, age, mental health and drug/substance abuse. All these independent variables in some way can said to either directly or indirectly influence criminal behavior in juveniles. Other factors like demographics, race, and violent / nonviolent crimes are also taken in consideration at a smaller level. In many of the studies one wouldRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Deliquency - Lee Boyd Malvo1353 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesSutherland’s propositions of differential association argues criminal behavior, like any other behavior, is learned from others. That is, â€Å"delinquent behavior is not an inherited trait but rather an acquired one† (Juvenile Delinquency, p.153). Sutherland claims that criminal behavior/ juvenile delinquency is learned through a youth’s relationship within intimate personal groups. These intimate groups are far more influential for adolescents than any other form of communication such as the media. InRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Chapter Summaries1786 Words   |  8 PagesCollege 54 hours worked on CHAPTER SUMMARIES 2 Chapter summaries Juvenile delinquency: an act committed by a minor that violates the penal code of the government with authority over the area in which the act occurs (Bartollas and Schmalleger, 2008) pg.2. In chapter one, we are introduced to what a juvenile delinquent is, and all of the issues that come along with them. This chapter goes on to define adolescents which is â€Å"the life intervalRead MoreThe Problem Of Juvenile Delinquency894 Words   |  4 Pagesmost are just beginning puberty, these young boys and girls are becoming juvenile delinquents because they chose the wrong path or the wrong path was laid out for them. THEORIES AND CAUSE OF JUVENILE DELIQUENCY There are many theories and causes to why some juveniles end up being juvenile delinquents. The first is that peer groups can play a major role in one’s life between the ages of twelve and eighteen, pressuring juveniles to abandon their home life and join street gangs. Society can play aRead MoreAdult Delinquency : Adolescent Delinquency3293 Words   |  14 PagesRunning Head: ADOLESCENT DELIQUENCY 1 Adolescent Delinquency Amanda Wallin CSUF ADOLESCENT DELIQUENCY 2 Adolescent Delinquency Adolescence is known as a time for discovering oneself, a time where a child transitions into adulthood. Erikson says that this time is when adolescents can find their own identity by sorting through the traditions of their families and cultures they grow up in. This can be a time of discoveryRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Punishment Should Be Legal2207 Words   |  9 PagesIn today’s society, Juvenile Crime and Punishment is something that is discussed on a daily basis. Juvenile Crime and Punishment does branch out to many ideas, the main one being should juveniles be tried as adults. What this is basically, if a juvenile under the age of 18 who has committed a crime such as a murder, if he/she should be sentenced to an adult jail with adult charges. It was during the 1980’s to 1990’s is when legislatures from many states started to allow and even required prosecutionRead MoreThe First Of The Five Periods976 Words   |  4 Pagesan act considering illegals for minors which became unrevised for 300 years. In this period of time the age of the juvenile made a difference. In this period if a child was 7 and under then they could not be convicted of a felony but at the age of 8 they could be convicted of a felony. If accused of a major crime then they at 8 years of age would proceed through the juvenile justice system. In this period of time it was up to the family to make sure the children obeyed and done what was rightRead MoreGirls and Crime Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesGirls and Crime Stress, teenage mother hood, drug habits all those components needs survival skills. How do you keep those survival skills? Gangs, prostitution, abuse? To us juvenile delinquency is something that we look at it with disdain instead of taking the time to look into sociological issues, emotional issues and the reality that would give us a clearer view and still not make us feel or understand the conditions they live in, the pressures they go through or face everyday. For us to

Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometry Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(89) " spirometer in tracheostomized patients admitted in ICU as a lung enlargement technique\." Tracheostomy is among the most often performed process in critically sick patients, being done in approximately 24 % of patients in ICUs. The usage of tracheotomy increased over recent old ages. The most common indicant for tracheotomy in the ICU is need for drawn-out mechanical airing. We will write a custom essay sample on Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometry Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However after some yearss or hebdomads of endotracheal cannulation, ability to cough is compromised because the glottis mechanism is bypassed. The lowest acceptable critical capacity that determines adequateness of cough is 15ml/kg of organic structure weight ( Shapiro el al 1985 ) Patients unable to exhibit a strong effectual cough are at hazard for maintained secernments ; this makes trouble in re-expansion of air sac in that section. So decreased lung volumes from decreased tidal take a breathing non merely can impair oxygenation and predispose to Hypercarbia. It besides can take to atelectasis. Normal self-generated take a breathing form have periodic hyperinflations that prevent alveolar prostration. But the shallow tidal airing take a breathing pattern cause atelectasis, retained secernments and respiratory infections. Atelectasis is a common job in postoperative patients and those with neuromuscular disease. Because atelectasis in some patients appears to be due to reiterate little inspirations. The intervention of atelectasis based on two rules. The lungs must be expanded with a transpulmonary force per unit area sufficient to open the collapsed lung tissues and dead secernments must be cleared. Deeper breaths may be helpful to successfully change by reversal the atelectasis in the first 24-48 hours. Incentive spirometer encourages enlargement of the lungs every bit much as possible above self-generated external respiration ; these have proved to be good in controlled surveies. They used to advance maximum inspiratory attempts, improved cough mechanism due to improved inspiratory capacity and therefore keep normal lung volume. In the inducement spirometry ocular provender back system is incorporated into the device such as raising a ball that the patient attempt controls. Physiological rule: Physiological rule of sustained maximum inspiration is to bring forth a maximum transpulmonary force per unit area gradient bring forthing a more negative intrapleural force per unit area. This force per unit area gradient produces alveolar hyperinflation with minimum air flow during inspiratory stage. 1.1NEED FOR THE Survey: Most surveies investigated the usage of incentive spirometry to better the station operative pneumonic map. But merely a few surveies investigate the effectivity of incentive spirometry in tracheostomized patients. Hence the demand arise to look into the effects of incentive spirometry on tracheostomized patients. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: 1. The aim of this survey was to measure the effects of flow-oriented incentive spirometry on, atelectasis, Pao2, and PaCO2 in tracheostomized patients. 2. To measure the effects of diaphragmatic external respiration exercising on atelectasis, PaO2, and PaCO2. 3. To compare the effects of flow-oriented incentive spirometry with diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings on tracheotomy patients. 1.3 Hypothesis: 1. There is a important difference following flow-oriented incentive spirometry on thorax radiogram mark, PaO2, and PaCO2 in tracheostomy patients. 2. There is a important difference following diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings on chest radiogram mark, PaO2, and PaCO2 in tracheostomy patients. 3. There is a important difference following flow oriented incentive spirometry on thorax radiogram mark, PaO2, and PaCO2 when compared to diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings. 1.4 Operational Definition: Tracheostomy: surgical opening up of windpipe to set an air passage to ease respiration in laryngeal obstructor or a status necessitating drawn-out respiratory aid Flow oriented incentive spirometry: Incentive spirometry is a method of voluntary deep external respiration by supplying ocular provender back about inspiratory volume utilizing a specially designed spirometer, the patient inhales until a preset volume is reached so sustains the inspiratory volume by keeping the breath for 3-5 sec. Incentive spirometry reduces the hazard of atelectasis Atelectasis: atelectasis is a prostration of lung tissue impacting portion of all of one lung. This status prevents normal O2 soaking up to healthy tissues Inspiratory capacity: The maximal volume of gas that can be inhaled from the terminal of a resting halitus. This is equal to the amount of the tidal volume and the inspiratory modesty volume. Arterial blood gas: The O2 and CO2 content of the arterial blood measured by assorted methods to measure the adequateness of airing and oxygenation and acid-base position of the organic structure. Oxygen impregnation of Hb is usually 95 % or higher. The partial force per unit area of arterial o2 usually 80-100mmhg and Pco2 is usually 35-45mmHg Partial force per unit area of O in arterial blood ( PaO2 ) : The portion of entire blood gas force per unit area exerted by O gas. It is lower than normal in patients with asthma, clogging lung disease. The normal PaO2 in arterial blood is 95 to 100 millimeter Hg. Partial force per unit area of C dioxide in arterial blood ( PaCO2 ) , The portion of entire blood gas force per unit area exerted by C dioxide. It decreases during rapid external respiration and it increases with respiratory upsets. The normal force per unit areas of C dioxide in arterial blood are 35 to 45 millimeters Hg 1.5 PROJECTED Result: Based on the literature reappraisal available ; the jutting result of this survey will be, the tracheotomy patients who undergo incentive spirometry preparation will hold betterment in lung enlargement, PaO2and PaCO2 degree in arterial blood than the patients who underwent diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings. Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW Tan AK conducted a prospective clinical survey on patients with major caput and cervix surgery was conducted to measure the usage of incentive spirometry to better station operative lung map. An arranger was foremost designed to let patients with tracheostomy tubings to utilize the spirometer. Parameters studied include critical marks, arterial blood gases and pneumonic map trial. Significant betterment of lung map and deficiency of complication warrant the usage of incentive spirometry in station operative caput and cervix surgery patients. ( 2 ) Naveen Malhotra, parveen Malhotra, and Deepak Varma successfully used the modified inducement spirometer in tracheostomized patients admitted in ICU as a lung enlargement technique. You read "Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometry Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The equipments used are an incentive spirometer, an arranger and a Y Connector. The arranger used is merely an anaesthesia tubing connection. In their survey they have besides mentioned that inducement spirometry besides helps to measure lung maps particularly the critical capacity and inspiratory volume. They have concluded that the combination of incentive spirometry, chest physical therapy and early mobilisation improves the efficiency of incentive spirometry. ( 1 ) Mirza S, Hopkinson L, malik TH, Willat DJ were reported that respiratory map proving in patients with tracheal pore or tracheotomy tubings is hard due to the job of neglecting to accomplish a good seal between the tracheotomy tubing or pore. Standard pneumonic map devices connected to a tracheostomy tubing via the same adapter and underwent the respiratory map trial. ( 3 ) Basoglu OK, Atasever A, Bacakoglu F. , Compared a incentive spirometry group to groups having merely medical intervention. A sum of 27 back-to-back patients admitted for COPD aggravations were recruited. 15 ( IS intervention group ) used IS for 2 months, together with medical intervention. The staying 12 ( medical intervention group ) were given merely medical intervention. Pneumonic map and blood gases were measured. PaCO2 values decreased ( P = 0.02 ) , PaO2and PaCO2 values increased ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, severally ) in the IS intervention group. However, there were no important differences between the measurings made pretreatment and after 2 months of medical therapy in the medical intervention group, with respects to pneumonic map, blood gases, they concluded that the usage of IS appears to better arterial blood gases in patients with COPD aggravations, although it does non change pneumonic map parametric quantities. ( 4 ) . Celli et al. , compared a no-treatment control group to groups having 15 proceedingss of IS, intermittent positive force per unit area external respiration ( IPPB ) or deep external respiration exercising ( DBE ) in patients who had undergone both upper and lower abdominal surgery. Compared to no intervention, the three intervention techniques were every bit more effectual in forestalling pneumonic complications. The writer suggested that IS may be preferred following upper abdominal surgery, because it appeared to shorten the patient ‘s length of stay. ( 5 ) Ricksten et al. , compared the consequence of 3 yearss of hourly ( 30 breaths ) IS, uninterrupted positive air passage force per unit area ( CPAP ) , and positive terminal expiratory force per unit area ( PEEP ) on gas exchange, lung volumes, and development of atelectasis. The patients who received both CPAP and PEEP were superior to Be for alveolar-arterial O force per unit area difference, FVC, and the incidence of atelectasis. ( 6 ) Stephen et al. , studied the consequence of incentive spirometry versus deep external respiration exercising on cut downing the diminution in critical capacity in patients undergoing abdominal surgery and found that incentive spirometry is more effectual than deep external respiration exercisings in reconstructing critical capacity to preoperative degrees ( 7 ) Thomas JA, McIntosh JM. , Conducted a meta-analysis was to quantitatively measure the conflicting organic structure of literature refering the efficaciousness of incentive spirometry ( IS ) , intermittent positive force per unit area external respiration ( IPPB ) , and deep external respiration exercisings ( DBEX ) in the bar of postoperative pneumonic complications in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. He concluded that Incentive spirometry and deep external respiration exercisings appear to be more effectual than no physical therapy intercession in the bar of postoperative pneumonic complications. ( 8 ) Chapter III MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY DESIGN: Pretest station trial design with a comparing group. It is a quasi experimental design. Two groups were taken: one is experimental group and another one is comparison group. Group A- Experimental group Group B- comparing group 3.2 SAMPLE SIZE: Twenty patients were selected and were assigned into two groups ; comparing group and experimental group. 3.3POPULATION AND Sampling: An norm, approximately 5 % of patients undergone tracheotomy in ICU for every month. Among these patients, 20 patients were selected and were assigned into two groups by simple random trying method for the survey after obtaining informed consent. One is experimental group who received incentive spirometry preparation and another group is comparison group who received diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings. 3.4 STUDY Setting: The survey was conducted at the medical Incentive attention unit ( MICU ) , PSG infirmary, Coimbatore. PSG infirmary is 810 stratified multi forte systems. 3.5 TREATMENT DURATION: 5-10 breaths per session ; every one hr while awake for 48 hours. 3.6 STUDY DURATION: 6 months ( from June 1st 2010 to 30th November 2010 ) 3.5 CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION: 3.5.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Conscious and concerted patients 2. Aged above 18 year 3. Gender: both males and females 4. Patients who are weaned from ventilator and execute self-generated take a breathing with tracheotomy 5. Post operative patients who are at hazard of developing atelectasis 6. Patients with neuromuscular upsets, and post operative patients with thoracic surgery 3.5.2EXCLUSION Standards: 1. Patients with reduced degree of consciousness 2. Patients who are unable to understand or collaborate with the intervention 3. Patients with respiratory infective diseases 3.6 INSTRUMENT AND TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION: 1. Chest X beam class for atelectasis 2. Arterial blood gas analysis- PaO2 and Paco2 degree 3.7 Technique OF DATA COLLECTION: In this survey baseline appraisal was taken for both the experimental group and comparing group ab initio. Then the patients in experimental group underwent incentive spirometry preparation via modified flow oriented incentive spirometer with the healer supervising so post trial appraisals were taken at the terminal of 48hrs after incentive spirometry preparation. In the comparing group, they received diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings and station trial appraisal was taken after 48 hour of baseline appraisal. Any alterations in each group ‘s PaO2, PaCO2, and chest radiogram mark for atelectasis are compared. 3.8 Technique OF DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: Datas collected from both group participants were analyzed utilizing paired’t ‘ trial to mensurate the alterations between the pre and station trial values with in the group and Independent ‘t ‘ trial to mensurate the alterations between the groups. Paired’t ‘ trial: Where, n = Number of samples S = Standard divergence vitamin D = Mean divergence Independent’t ‘ trial: X1 = Mean Differece of Group A X 2 = Mean Difference of Group B SD- combined standard divergence of group A and B n1 = Number of patients in Group A n2 = Number of patients in Group B SD1 = Standard Deviation of Group A SD2 = Standard Deviation of Group B Chapter 1V DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Data analysis is the systematic organisation and synthesis of research informations and testing of research hypothesis utilizing those informations. Interpretation is the procedure of doing sense of the consequences of a survey and analyzing their reading ( Polit and Beck, 2004 ) . Pre trial and Post trial value collected utilizing Radiographic Grades to mensurate the degree of atelectasis for patients in Group A and Group B were presented in Table 1 and 2 ( Annexure-VI ) and they expressed as a saloon diagram chart 1 and 2. The Pre trial and Post trial values of Group A and Group B for PaO2 in arterial blood of patients from selected population were presented in Table 3 and 4 ( Annexure-VI ) and besides expressed in chart 3 and 4. Similarly the pre trial and station trial values of Group A and Group B for PaCO2 in arterial blood from selected population were presented in Table 5 and 6 ( Annexure- VI ) and besides presented in chart 5 and 6. Table-7 Difference in average values and Standard Deviation of pre trial and station trial values based on Radiographic Grades for both Group A and B S. No Groups Difference in mean Standard Deviation 1. Group A 0.7 0483 2. Group B 0.2 0.421 1. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group A based on Radiographic Grades. ( Graph-1 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on thorax radiogram mark for atelectasis following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation. ‘t ‘ value = = 4.582 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 4.582 gives P lt ; 0.01 that agencies there is a important difference between the agencies of pre trial and station trial values. COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP A- CHEST RADIOGRAPH SIGN 2. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group B based on Radiographic Grades. Hypothesiss: There is important difference on thorax radiogram mark for atelectasis following deep external respiration exercisings. ‘t ‘ value = = 1.5 df = n – 1 =9 The t-value 1.5 gives P gt ; 0.05 that agencies there is a no important difference between the agencies of pretest and station trial. The values are besides represented in a chart 2 COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP B – Thorax RADIOGRAPH SIGN Table-8 Difference in average values and standard Deviation of pre trial and station trial values based on PaO2 for both Group A and B ( n=10 ) . S. No Groups Difference in Mean Standard Deviation 1. Group A -6.6 6.744 2. Group B 0.91 6.314 In order to happen out the important difference between the pre trial and station trial PaO2 degree in arterial blood paired â€Å" T † trial was used. 1. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 Subjects in Group A based on PaO2 values. ( Chart-3 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaO2 value following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation. ‘t ‘ value = =-3.094 df = n – 1 =9 The gathered information is tabulated ( ref Table: 2 ) and the mated t trial is conducted. The t-value -3.094 gives P lt ; 0.01 that agencies there is a important difference between the agencies of pre trial and station trial values. The pretest and station trial values are besides represented in a chart ( Ref Chart: 3 ) COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP A- PaO2 VALUE 2. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group B based on PaO2 values. ( Chart-4 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaO2 following deep external respiration exercisings. ‘t ‘ value = =0.455 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 0.455gives P gt ; 0.05 that agencies there is a no important difference between the agencies of pretest and station trial. The values are besides represented in a chart ( Ref Chart: 4 ) COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP B- PaO2 VALUE . Table-9 Difference in average values and standard Deviation of pre trial and station trial values based on PaCO2 in arterial blood for both Group A and B ( n=10 ) . S. No Groups Difference in Mean Standard Deviation 1. Group A 7.04 7.58 2. Group B 0.41 5.51 In order to happen out the important difference between the pre trial and station trial for PaCO2 paired â€Å" T † trial was used. 1. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 Subjects in Group A based on PaCO2 value. ( Graph-5 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaCO2 value following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation. ‘t ‘ value = = 2.93 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 2.93 gives P lt ; 0.01 that agencies there is a important difference between the agencies of pre trial and station trial values. COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP A- PaCO2 VALUE 2. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group B based onPaCO2. ( Graph -6 ) Hypothesis: There is a important difference on PaCO2 value following external respiration exercisings. ‘t ‘ value = = 0.23 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 0.23 gives P gt ; 0.05 that agencies there is a no important difference between the agencies of pretest and station trial. COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP B- PaCO2 VALUE Table-10.Difference in average values and standard divergence of Pre trial and station trial values based on Radiographic Grades, PaO2 and PaCO2 values for both Group A and B ( n =20 ) . S.No Variable Difference in mean Standard Deviation 1. Chest Radiographic Grade 0.5 0.453 2. PaO2 5.69 6.533 3. PaCO2 6.63 6.63 In order to happen out the important difference between station trial values of both Group A and B based on Radiographic Grades, PaO2 and PaCO2 Independent’t ‘ trial was used. 1. Comparison of average values of 20 topics in Group A and B based on chest Radiographic Grade. Comparison of Mean Values of 20 topics in Group A and Group B Based on chest Radiographic Class Hypothesis: There is important difference following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation on thorax Radiographic Grade, when compared to diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings. Independent’t ‘ trial SD = ( n1-1 ) SD12+ ( n2-1 ) SD22 ( n1+n2 – 2 ) = 0.453 T = ( x1- x2 ) n1 n2 SD n1 + n2 = 2.46 df = n1+n2 – 2 = 18 The deliberate value is greater than the table value of 2.46 ( P lt ; 0.05 ) . This shows that there is important betterment between the Mean values of chest Radiographic Grade in Group A and B. Hence Hypothesis accepted. COMPARISON OF MEAN VALUES BETWEEN GROUP A AND GROUP B BASED ON CHEST RADIOGRAPHIC GRADE 2. Comparison of station trial values of 20 topics in Group A and B based on PaO2 value Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaO2 following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation, when compared to diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings Independent’t ‘ trial SD = ( n1-1 ) SD12 + ( n2-1 ) SD22 ( n1+n2 – 2 ) = 6.533 T = ( x1- x2 ) n1 n2 SD n1 + n2 = -2.57 df = n1+n2 – 2 = 18 The deliberate value is greater than the table value of -2.57 ( P lt ; 0.05 ) . This shows that there is important betterment between the station values of paO2 in Group A and B. Hence Hypothesis accepted. COMPARISON OF MEAN VALUES BETWEEN GROUP A AND GROUP B BASED ON PaO2 3. Comparison of Mean values of 20 topics in Group A and B based on PaCO2 value. Comparison of Mean Values of 20 topics in Group A And Group B Based on PaCO2 value Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaCO2 following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation, when compared to take a breathing exercisings. Independent’t ‘ trial SD = ( n1-1 ) SD12+ ( n2-1 ) SD22 ( n1+n2 – 2 ) = 6.63 T = ( x1- x2 ) n1 n2 SD n1 + n2 = 2.236 df = n1+n2 – 2 = 18 The deliberate value is greater than the table value of 2.236 ( P lt ; 0.05 ) . This shows that there is important betterment between the Mean values of PaCO2 in Group A and B. Hence Hypothesis accepted. COMPARISON OF MEAN VALUES BETWEEN GROUP A AND GROUP B BASED ON PaCO2 Chapter V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The purpose of the survey was to compare the efficaciousness of flow-oriented incentive spirometry preparation with diaphragmatic external respiration exercising in tracheostomized patients. Wholly 20 participants were participated in this survey. They are assigned into comparing group and experimental group. The selected result steps were, Chest radiographic scaling for atelectasis, PaO2 value, PaCO2 value Chest radiographic Grading for Atelectasis: In Experimental group, Based on chest radiographic class for Atelectasis, there is an betterment in the thorax radiogram mark after incentive spirometer preparation. The deliberate T value is 4.58, which gives P lt ; 0.01. Hence, statistically important betterment was found between pre and station trial means. It shows that the flow oriented incentive spirometry has important consequence on bettering the atelectatic country for the patients with tracheotomy. But in Comparison group, the deliberate T value is 1.5, which gives P gt ; 0.05. This implies that there is no important difference in the agencies. So, this shows the diaphragmatic external respiration exercising has less important consequence on bettering atelectasis. PaO2 value: In Experimental group, Based on PaO2 value, the deliberate T value is 3.09, which gives P lt ; 0.01. Hence, there is a statistically important betterment in the station trial values of PaO2. It shows that that the sustained maximum inspiration improves arterial blood O degree. But in Comparison group besides, some little differences between the pretest and station trial mean values. But the deliberate T value is 0.45, which gives P gt ; 0.05. This implies that there is no important difference in the agencies. Hence, the diaphragmatic external respiration exercising has less consequence on bettering PaO2. PaCO2 value: In Experimental Based PaCO2 value, the deliberate T value is 2.93, which gives P lt ; 0.01. Hence, there is an betterment station trial and the difference is extremely important. It shows a important decrease in carbon dioxide degree after incentive spirometry preparation. But in Comparison group, the deliberate T value is 0.235, which gives P gt ; 0.05. This implies that there is no important difference in the agencies. Hence, this shows that the patients who treated with diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings had no decrease in PaCO2 degree. The p-value ( lt ; 0.05 ) obtained from independent’t ‘ trial showed that the agencies of two group are significantly different. So the patients who received incentive spirometry preparation got more betterment than patients who received diaphragmatic external respiration exercising. Restriction There were some restrictions in this survey are given below: This survey was done in a shorter period. The smaller Sample size is a strong modification factor in our survey The entire work of external respiration of the patients during incentive spirometry was non measured. Lung volumes and capacities are non measured Inspiratory musculus strength was non assessed. 5.4 RECOMMEDATIONS Based on the result of statistical analysis, it is suggested that the farther surveies should be modified to suit the undermentioned alterations, Effectss can be proved by utilizing pneumonic map trial. Different populations can be analyzed to formalize the consequence. Measure the impact of the extra imposed work of take a breathing ( WBimp ) generated by two different spirometers. Chapter VI Decision With the mention to the statistical analysis done from the informations collected by Radiographic Grades, PaO2 and PaCO2 values, concluded that the flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation has important consequence in bettering the degree of atelectasis, PaO2 and PaCO2 degree in arterial blood than diaphragmatic external respiration exercising entirely in tracheostomy patients.. ‘So, the modified inducement spirometer has been successfully used in tracheostomized patients who were admitted in intensive attention unit as a lung enlargement technique. CHAPTER-VII How to cite Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometry Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Weight Loss free essay sample

In today’s society the internet provides a sufficient amount of information about different ways to help with weight loss. Weight can be a harmful factor in an individual’s life, it is not only about the body mass but weight often plays a role mentally and physically if it is abused. For example, being overweight can lead to obesity and low self-esteem. Losing weight can be a challenge, so many people look for the most effective way to lose weight through surgical procedures and weight lost programs. There are a variety of weight loss programs that offer extended support and dietary meal plans. Many weight loss programs provide the option of support, either through weekly meetings, online support, or phone coaching. Having a dedicated support system will help you to stay focused and celebrate success while also staying positive during temporary failures. In essence, members of your support network are your cheerleaders. We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Loss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether for weight loss or some other physical or emotional reason, experts say that social support is important in obtaining and maintaining weight loss (American heart, 2011). They are designed to help bring discipline and help develop structure for routine and weight control. They offer convenience for their weight watchers because some weight programs have door deliveries for weekly meals to help keep meal plans in order and keep weight lost progressing. For example, Nutrisystem is a program that provides three different plans; women plans, men plans, and diabetic plans. Each plan targets different areas such as core, silver and vegetarian. Like any other weight loss programs the first step to success is to record your initial weight, age, height, and target goal. The program specialist analyzes the results and generates a particular plan for each individual. Other programs have trainers that set exercise routines daily and work hard to keep you motivated. The costs are inexpensive, they can range from $189. 00 and up or some programs are less, it can vary based upon services that are offered. The end results of these weight loss programs are a healthier body and lifestyle. Though there are many ways to lose weight, some people choose to do surgical procedures and others chose to use weight loss programs. A surgical procedure is very serious and requires a great deal of recovery. It has been suggested that an individual speaks with their doctor before making any decisions. The risk factors for high-risk patients and low risk patients are the same. When undergoing weight loss surgery, some patients have complications, such as osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, abdominal hernias, infections or stretch stomach outlets. The risk factors of joining a weight loss program are not as great as the risk factors for having surgery performed. When a weight loss program is the primary source for weight loss the risk factors are minimized because for someone who undergoes surgery experiences â€Å"down time†. However, in joining a program you will be able to exercise more effectively without worrying about recuperation. The exercise and healthy promotes energy and allows you to enjoy working off the extra weight. It decreases the chance of cancer, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. A surgical procedure is also more expensive ranging up to $17,000 or more! A lot less money spent will get the same results except at a different time expansion. Surgical Procedures are a convenience for most people that are struggling with weight loss because it is instant weight loss. The challenges of weight lost can be so overwhelming that surgical procedures may seem to be the only answer. Bariatric surgery is one common procedure that is used to produce weight loss. This surgery alters the digestive system to help people with severe weight-related health problems lose weight. Bariatric refers to the causes, prevention and treatment of obesity (mayo Clinic). The surgery is performed on the intestines and stomach diminishing food intake. There are three types of bariatric surgery such as, lap band, gastric bypass, and gastric sleeve. These three surgical procedures are the most used. Each type is different and the technique used depends on a number of factors (ebariatricsurgery). â€Å"Bariatric surgery is safer than it has ever been, but there may be more we can do to make it even safer and improve the odds of survival for high-risk patients, Dr. Ninh T. Nguyen. A study of almost 52,000 bariatric surgery patients found that those who were discharged from the hospital sooner than the national average stay of two days had higher rates of complications and deaths (R. Shari, for the booster shot blog, Los Angeles Times, 2011). The side effects of surgical procedures include but are not limited to, increased gas, vomiting, bloating, excessive sweating, and dizziness. In addition, it has also been suggested to avoid getting pregnant because a pregnancy enhances the chance of rapid weight gain. Although the risk factors may seem extreme, there are also benefits to surgical procedures. For example, the rapid weight loss that helps promotes high self-esteem, and decreased chances of developing severe diseases. Accomplishing a targeted weight goal is not the end to weight loss struggles. The challenges of losing weight are as much of a challenge as it is to keep weight off. There will need to be a consistency in weight control and eating habits. In my research I have discovered the pros and cons of a weight loss program and having a surgical procedure. Although the easiest way to lose weight fast would be through a surgical procedure, I believe that a weight loss program is more beneficial to anyone trying to lose weight. The risk factors are at a minimum and there is a variety of natural solutions for weight loss.

Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Sample

Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Sample The Book Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Example The Book Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Example Modern world is highly competitive and people are in a constant race for enrichment and money because income affects quality of life, health, and social well-being. Even working hard does not guarantee social success and acknowledgement because some people have more opportunities and live in more prosperous environments than others. Crime thrives in poor areas and infects people with adjusting social deviations, making theft and beggary a common and trivial sign of modern highly industrialized urban cities. The problem is not new and it originates in poverty and approaches of officials to combating this evil. There are people who have hardly enough money to provide food and water for themselves and their families and there are people who possess endless bank accounts and can afford more than they want. High rates of income discrimination have become a serious threat to the world stability in the twenty first century and have led to development and thrive of street gang crime. It has become one of the most dangerous and latent forms of offence. Depending on delinquency prevention conditions, societies form psychological climate in the country and attitude to the state authorities and criminal justice. Street criminals are usually young people with antisocial behavior, formed on the background of the use of alcohol or drugs or leading a parasitic way of life. The problem originates in the crisis in economic, cultural, spiritual, and legal spheres of society and modern polarized world. The inability of social adaptation and marginalization make people get and return behind the bars again and again. Mark S. Fleisher discusses dimensions and roots of the problem in his book Beggars and Thieves: Lives of Urban Street Criminals issued in 1995. He investigates peculiarities and evils of ramshackle areas in Seattle and carries out a research based on personal experience of living in the street and in a real jail. Street Ethnography Being a social scientist, anthropologist Mark S. Fleisher (1995) tries to perceive the problem of thieves and beggars from inside and applies some modifications of traditional research methods. He wins confidence of felons and law offenders by establishment of equal and trustful relationships with them. He puts an aim to weave into the criminal social network by means of authoritative inmates (Fleisher, 1995). This way, he can perceive the problem of theft and beggary through the prism of criminals’ vision. Stylistics of the author is far from scientific writing. He adheres to numerous descriptions, reflections, and stylistic devices while depicting lively and characteristic signs of the street life. He writes in the first person singular and tries to use the same language as criminals because his first purpose is to weave into illegal social networks and be able to communicate positively with the outlaws. The primary method is an interview. Fleisher adapts questions to rules of the criminal world to make the interview relevant and lively. For example, simple questions about family background and marriage status can sound offensive because of socio-cultural non-adaptation and frustration. In cases with criminals, Fleisher has first obtained reference of some meaningful people to prove his liability. He invites people into a conversation through common dining and drinking bear. He does not conceal his intentions and tells sincerely about his purposes. Some criminals understand and some reject. However, in all cases the author underlines the necessity to be the same and non-conspicuous with his real social status and relevant social success. The essence of conditions created by Fleisher consists in sincere revelation of free and profitless ideas and evidences of those who just want to share their story and to relief their soul and conciseness. The collected database shows not only statistical information, but contains a lot of reflections and assumptions of the misdemeanants on the problem of poverty and possibility to combat it, conditions of first abuse, and acquaintance with drugs and substances. In his research, Fleisher (1995) feels sympathetic with criminals and tries to understand motives of their behavior. The author foresees possible conclusions about his empathy to the offenders. His free statements about the scope of drug traffic and consumption can lead to a thought that he has personal addiction to drugs and in such way only justifies his own weaknesses. The author does not give a direct answer about his own addictions. However, he admits that behaving like a criminal imposes certain destructive habits just by definition. He uses rude lexical units and behaves blatantly and offensively, as well as not shaving daily, as it is accepted in the middle class society. â€Å"Illegal behavior, to some degree, is required of researchers studying criminals† (Fleisher, 1995, p. 69). Fleisher sees that police officers and criminal authorities follow definite unspoken rules and support each other in providing order and its maintenance. The author started establishing connection with the criminal world through the local police. He wanted to study and analyze the street ethnography before entering jail conditions. Local cops turned out to be the most helpful and instructive guides. According to the Fleisher’s research (1995), the street is unsafe in certain areas, which are under control of criminal authorities and the police. There are representatives of various cultures and minorities, which often becomes a reason of discrimination and polarization of certain marginal groups. Thieves and beggars do not want to be homeless and vulnerable to abuse. However, they often fail to see the essence of their problem and discuss it with representatives of other ethnic group. The concept of connections seems to be crucial in establishment of relationships with criminals. Fleisher addressed the police in order to direct him in his street ethnography. He met Popcorn who became his green card into the world of drug dealers and hustlers. The man was a character whom Fleisher observed as being free and then in jail (Fleisher, 1995). Fleisher (1995) shows the connection between street crimes, ordinary thieves and beggars, and organized groups and syndicates. He explains gang signs seen on jail tattoos. By the way, he starts his interviews from the explanation of tattoo meanings and criminals are willing to discuss the topic. The scientist underlines that the international organized crime is flourishing in the United States despite strong legislation and political will to deal with this problem. The root can be in the division of responsibility between local law enforcement agencies, state, and federal authorities because they are fully exploited by criminal groups. Since the mid 60s, the US has expanded the arsenal of tools to fight organized crime and gangsters. The first law in this area became a universal law of 1968 on combating crime and ensuring safety on streets. It was passed against organized crime and included a large number of legal institutions. In particular, it established special investigation agen cies, which provided a guarantee of immunity to witnesses. They introduced a special penal provision for the punishment of participants of criminal organizations. Moreover, supporting programs for the most vulnerable and poor layers of the population were adopted and implemented. In the episode where the policemen ask Popcorn to show Fleisher how he plays his game, all men appear as allies. The episode evidently shows that the police and criminals know about each other much more than they reveal or report. â€Å"As long as a cop plays by street rules, local gang boys do not hold a grudge against him† (Fleisher, 1995, p. 30). Street gangs and bands represent branches of the organized criminal world. They prefer to involve young people and unite them in a typical way of clothing and behavior. The youth follow the general group trend in violence and appearance. It happens because in many situations streets of large and small settlements create a psychological climate for the population living there. It helps in evaluation of the criminal situation in a particular locality and region. It stipulates a social favorable or unfavorable effect on the formation of public opinion about activities not only of criminal justice, but also of the government in general. The study of regional aspects of street crime conducted by Fleisher reflects regional peculiarities and determinants of specific criminal manifestations in Seattle and other urban regions of the American gang world. In most cases, street gangs display aggression and offence and try to violate social norms. Distorted Families Mark Fleisher researches early memories of thieves and beggars in a natural trustful conversation. All interviewed criminals reveal signs of early violence experiences and abuse. The author underlines effects of parents’ negligence and evil environment on further aggression and illegal activities. He puts questions of what can and should be done for delinquents’ prevention from offensive forms of behavior. He comes to a non-consoling conclusion that it is too late to change their fate at that time of their life. In the last chapter, Fleisher (1995) underlines that thieves and beggars are much better settled in jails than in life outside the bars. They have food and shelter and have the job to be done. They have time for rest and different facilities such as ping-pong and library. Outlaws can meet and communicate with relatives if they have any. Description of a Seattle jail includes two televisions. The author shows that the convicted feel much more realized in jail tha n in the real social environment they originate from (Fleisher, 1995). Such situation shows absence of a necessity to rehabilitate and socialize in the modern highly competitive world. People do not strive to change and improve anything in their lives. They accept as a fact that their fate is to go with the flow and do not look for some opportunities or promotion in life. The government gives up, facing this challenge of criminals’ self-rejection. They do not offend the social order and do not die of hunger or cold and here the official mission is completed. Fleisher reveals this in dialogues with misdemeanants and reveals their perception that little can contribute to the improvement of their self-esteem and social rehabilitation. He sees special mission in preventing children from imprinting addictive and destructive forms of behavior and, especially, home violence. Fleisher’s main suggestion is fencing of the new generation from evil aggressive misdemeanors. He underlines that parents and local authorities should detect cases of home violence and abuse with more accuracy and attention. Causes of domestic violence are numerous. According to Fleisher, the phenomenon has a socio-cultural nature and is an integral part of stereotyped notions about the nature of family relationships perceived through early childhood impressions. It represents the only possible model of behavior. The abuse may be the result of personal life experience of individuals and, thereby, they create moral and psychological grounds to consider this type of relationship as versatile. Another group of causes is associated with childhood trauma, which is an early devastating experience that makes the individual develop his/her childs c omplexes (Fleisher, 1995). Fleisher gives examples how domestic violence results into offensive and abusive behaviors in adult life of the observed criminals. Social and psychological frustration caused by external influences exceeds limits of personal resilience of individuals, forcing them to seek compensation and revenge. The author has found a special role in the growth of violence in such mental factors as weakening control instincts, frustration, aggression, alcoholism, and psychopathology. Violence is closely associated with social stress in the family. Among many problems that can raise the level of tension and lead to violence are differences in parenting, sex deviations, pregnancy, money problems, unemployment, or the need for long-term medical care. Constant parents’ irritation can partly be explained by chronic anxiety about unresolved issues, which creates a mismatch between desires and capabilities. Non-participation in social activities and limited availability of social support increase the risk of violence. Fleisher’s studies have shown that alcohol and drugs are not the same. Even a small amount of alcohol can affect aggressiveness and lead to aggression. In cases with a drug dose, people, on the contrary, soften and differentiate. People do not display violence because they have taken drugs, but because they cannot accept them. Therefore, some cases of violence appear in an attempt to get money from relatives for buying drugs. In cases of abuse of the elderly, a major psychological factor is the role change and dependence of adult children on parents. At the same time, certain characteristics of the victim, such as constant claims and complaints, can also contribute to violence. Adolescent Survival According to Fleisher’s observations (1995), the problem of juvenile offence can originate from family and social environment of adolescents. For example, poor relationships with parents can become the main reason of aggression and offence of the youth. In families where parents experience difficulties with personal social adaptation, children tend to be neglected, stressful, and frustrated. They are apt to using drugs, alcohol, or other addictive substances as their parents do. When parents fail in establishment of friendly and trustful relationships with their children, there can appear hostility and disbelief in young hearts. The lack of moral and financial encouragement can lead to poor learning skills development and illiteracy. Children need happy, confident, and successful parents, i.e. a positive example and trust in the world. If adults in a family need corrections themselves, they should be treated and rehabilitated together with their children. They have to be taught about modern principles of non-violence and abuse avoidance by specially trained people or in specially organized groups. Problems of trust deficiency in a family and absence of support make young people vulnerable to numerous addictions of the twenty-first century such as alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. They start neglecting social rules and norms and look for protection and self-realization by joining certain youth sub-cultures and deviant groups. It is not a secret that nowadays the youth adhere to processes of differentiation. Differentiating factors appear more visibly than integrating ones. Under conditions of a radical transformation in the society, there have appeared profound changes in its stratification. Social polarization reflects trends relating to disengagement of traditionally preserved connections and values (Fleisher, 1995). Social crisis has spawned break of principles and norms of public morality: what was good has suddenly become obsolete and devoid of practical significance. Various marginal flows have poured into subcultures of the young generation, hence ensuring total rejection of traditional cultural values. Delinquency, rejection, and denial of any rules and regulations have started flourishing on that fertile soil. When gathering in gangs, teens can despise the law and morality or show wanton vandalism. What makes them act this way? What underlies these protests? Fleisher believes that antisocial sub-cultural groups and gangs arose in response to differences in initial conditions of the native environment. A subculture is a kind of reaction of the society, especially its younger generation, to the inability to become owners of decent life, namely to get good education and job or become rich, successful, and acknowledged. Subculture has appeared as an answer to the contradiction. Young people could achieve goals, sometimes illegally, while maintaining their own self and ensuring acquisition of their unique nature. As with other categories of social science, rejection is a form of perception of social reality. In Fleisher’s view, human development is moving towards increasing freedom that not every person can adequately take advantage of (Fleisher, 1995). It can cause a number of negative experiences and mental states, which lead to alienation. As a result of exhausting struggle, young people sometimes lose themselves, social stability, trust of relatives and step into the way of crime. Attention to problems of thieves and beggars is crucial because of their uncontrollable affects on the future generation and well-being of whole human settlements, especially in large urban regions. Fleisher generates a set of circumstances that form the distinctive shape of crime in big cities. It becomes evident not only in the quantitative characteristics prevailing in the criminological situation, but also in qualitative changes of the concepts of crime in the broadest sense. The author implies that in many cases criminals adhere to unspoken rules and behavior, which are effective and relevant to the current situation of addiction and abuses. The perception of justice and crime has acquired new features in the growing generation and the signs of aggressive reactions and rejection of social norms and rules point out evident drawbacks and lacunas in the system of education and upbringing. Fleisher reveals numerous examples of cruelty and cases where the imperturbable crowd watches a violent crime on the streets of a big city without calling the police. These are symptoms of indifference and insensitivity, developing under the influence of the general structure of a modern large city. The anonymity of city streets facilitates crime and fleeing of criminals. There is a vicious circle in which, on the one hand, the fear of crime is driving people off the streets, out of parks and squares. On the other hand, the emptiness of streets and parks promotes growth of street crime, which reinforces the fear. Architecture of modern large cities, including land, streets, parks, and squares does not enhance primary informal social control, but has a rather destructive effect, which in turn increases social isolation and fear of street crime among urban residents. The book of Mark S. Fleisher (1995) raises crucial problems of the increasing amount of delinquents in modern global connections and communication. Modern thieves and beggars shift their evil habits from the street to the Internet. The lack of morals and a desire for quick and easy enrichment make them scammers and cyber crime abusers. Formation of a thief or beggar remains conditioned by those social ties to the environment from which the person originates and grows. Antisocial attitudes, aspirations, inclinations, and other negative traits of an individual are undoubtedly a product of assimilation of similar views and orientation based on the surrounding social environment. Young people are in a constant and direct communication with other people, as well as in a range of roles and relationships that they perform every day. It affects strategies of stating and achieving goals. According to Fleisher (1995), the personality of a street criminal is characterized by such features as high sensitivity in interpersonal relationships, adherence to oppressive and violent methods in various conflicts, poor knowledge of the requirements of legal and ethical standards, and alienation from the society and its values. These features form a specific typology of thieves and beggars for whom offenses are a norm and a usual way of behavior. People repeatedly commit crimes because they have not seen other forms of communication and getting what they want in their past. The inability to resist adverse circumstances leads to reinforcement of negative and offensive activities. Personal characteristics of law perpetrators make them avoid negative effects and they fail to look for possible success. Attempts of the government to change the situation have not led to any sufficient results. On the contrary, it should be noted that the offensive psychology acquired in the street criminal experience now appears in other spheres of social media activity. For half a century, the police have persecuted, accused, imprisoned, and even ruined criminals. They have a professionally organized, well-trained service for investigation of organized crime and a disclosure set of intricate conspiracy involving dangerous criminals. They spend billions of dollars on ceasing the drug trade borders, eradicating union extortionists, and checking taxes paid by speculators and gamblers. However, the organized crime continues to conduct business as usual and involves millions of new victims every year.

James Bond History Essays

James Bond History Essays James Bond History Essay James Bond History Essay defeated only by two John Wayne films: The Longest Day and How the West Was Won (filmsite. org, 2010). By the time it had been viewed by moviegoers around the world, it had earned $59,000,000 (Chapman, 2000). The following year, due to the unexpected success of the first film, EON Films released the second Bond film, From Russia with Love. It, too, would finish out the year at #3. The movies that beat it were Cleopatra, starring Elizabeth Taylor and It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, starring a who’s-who of Hollywood stars (filmsite. org, 2010). In 1964, EON Films released Goldfinger. Sadly, Ian Fleming would die of heart failure during production. He died just at the beginning of the phenomenon known as â€Å"Bondmania†. To release the Bond films on American soil, EON Films teamed up with United Artists. Unlike the first two films, United Artist decided to release Goldfinger as its major Christmas release. When it opened on the 22nd of December of 1964, it had its premieres at prestigious theaters like Grauman’s Chinese Theater in Hollywood (Winder, 2006). One reporter wrote, â€Å"lines of eager ticket buyers formed for blocks on opening day and afterward, this enthusiastic reception being duplicated all over the country† (Chapman, 2000). â€Å"The success of Goldfinger was such that in New York one showing followed another day and night, and the management imposed an interval only to sweep away from the auditorium the remains of popcorn which had reached a depth of several inches,† wrote another (Chapman, 2000). Goldfinger was the film that that established James Bond in America. American studios took notice. Spy-Fi fever had hit the U. S. and American filmmakers tried to capitalize on the popularity of the secret agent. Donald Hamilton had written a series of novels chronicling the adventures of another secret agent named Matt Helm. In Hamilton’s books, Matt Helm was a remorseless, no nonsense U. S. government operative. In the Seventies, ABC would produce a short-lived television series simply titled Matt Helm with Tony Franciosa playing Helm as a run-of-the-mill private investigator. But at the height of â€Å"Bondmania† in the mid-sixties, Columbia Pictures had something else in mind. They produced four Matt Helm comedies, beginning in 1966 with The Silencers. The movies were made to spoof the spy craze and starred Dean Martin as a perpetually intoxicated American secret agent. They turned out to be a major hit and a fifth was planned but was never made (Biederman, 2004). As recently as 2008, Steven Spielberg has been rumored to be working on a new Matt Helm movie. An even more obvious parody of the James Bond character was Derek Flint. Twentieth Century Fox released Our Man Flint, also in 1966. It starred James Coburn as Derek Flint, an agent for the super-secret spy organization known as Z. O. W. I. E (Zonal Organization for World Intelligence and Espionage). The movie contains several references to the James Bond character including the Walther PPK (Bond’s preferred handgun) which is rejected by Flint and a fight scene with Agent 0008 (Bond was 007). The film was successful enough to spawn a sequel the following year titled In Like Flint (Biederman, 2004). Television studios were not blind to the success the spy-fi genre was experiencing on the silver screen. In 1965, NBC ran a secret agent series called I Spy. It starred Robert Culp and Bill Cosby as secret agents working for the Pentagon. The series ran for three seasons. It was most recently made into a movie in 2002 starring Eddie Murphy and Owen Wilson in the lead roles (Biederman, 2004). NBC followed I Spy with Get Smart. Created by comedy legend Mel Brooks and writer Buck Henry, it follows the adventures of Maxwell Smart, a bumbling secret agent who works for a secret government agency known as CONTROL (not an acronym). According to Buck Henry, the show was created to â€Å"capitalize on the two biggest things in entertainment today: James Bond and Inspector Clouseau,† Mel Brooks is quoted as saying, â€Å"It’s an insane combination of James bond and Mel Brooks’ comedy† (latimes. com, 2008). It was most recently made into a film in 2008 starring Steve Carell and Dwayne â€Å"The Rock† Johnson. NBC would soon conclude its affair with the spy-fi genre with The Man From U. N. C. L. E, a television series starring Robert Vaughn and David McCallum. The two starred as agents for U. N. C. L. E. (United Network Command for Law and Enforcement). Due to lackluster viewership, it was cancelled in the middle of its third season (Biederman, 2004). While other American spy projects seemed to be meeting their ends, James Bond was going strong as EON Films continued to produce movie after movie starring Agent 007. All in all, EON Films has produced 22 movies starring James Bond. In addition, 1967 brought the world a James Bond spoof titled Casino Royale with David Niven portraying Sir James Bond. Ironically, Niven was Ian Fleming’s first choice to play Bond (Chapman, 2000). EON Films, however, chose Sean Connery. An odd twist of fate and legal technicality found Connery portraying James Bond for the last time in Never Say Never Again. This movie is not considered an official James Bond film as it was not produced by EON Films. Released in 1983, it was the only time two Bond films were in theaters simultaneously as Roger Moore was starring as James Bond in EON Films’ production of Octopussy (Winder, 2006). Roger Moore is the third man to portray 007 in an EON Films production. After Sean Connery’s five film run, George Lazenby was given the role in On Her Majesty’s Secret Service in 1969. Connery returned to the role in 1973’s Diamonds Are Forever. From 1973 to 1985, Roger Moore continued as James Bond until the role was given to Timothy Dalton in The Living Daylights. After two films starring Dalton, the role was given to Pierce Brosnan in 1995’s Goldeneye which was later made into a highly successful first-person-shooter video game on the Nintendo 64 gaming platform. In 2006, EON Films, partnered with MGM, took Bond in an entirely new direction. It was decided that audiences wanted a less campy and more no-nonsense James Bond. Daniel Craig took up the role and for the first time, James Bond was James â€Å"blonde†! Controversy ensued, but if box office receipts are any indication, the audience didn’t mind as his became the highest grossing Bond film to date. In 2006, he starred in Casino Royale, which, unlike the earlier film of the same name, was actually based on Fleming’s first Bond novel. At the time, it made the James Bond Franchise the highest grossing film series of all time, even eclipsing the popular Star Wars films (guardian. o. uk). The record stood unchallenged until another mysterious character out of Great Britain surpassed it. As of 2007, the Harry Potter series has taken the lead with $4. 5 Billion compared to Bond’s $4. 4 billion (guardian. co. uk). The good news is that Bond has a chance to regain the title as Daniel Craig is currently slated to star in the as of yet unnamed 23rd installment of the James Bond franchise. Granted, there are two more Harry Potter films yet to be released, but, that will be all since the books are finished. There is no end, however, in sight for the James Bond franchise. The influence James Bond has had on popular culture is certainly not limited to the books and films. One staple of all Bond films is the music. None of which is more important than the â€Å"James Bond Theme†, written by Monty Norman. The â€Å"dum-de-dum-dum† of the famous tune which is heard in all of the Bond films has been the inspiration for many other spy-fi projects. Even toddlers are familiar with the sound as evidenced by the opening sequence for the Disney Channel’s popular pre-school kids’ show Special Agent Oso. The opening credits are accompanied by songs sung by well-known singers including Tina Turner, Sheryl Crow and Tom Jones. Paul and Linda McCartney had their Bond song performed with their band Wings, â€Å"Live and Let Die†, nominated for an Academy Award as did Bill Conti and Michael Leeson’s song â€Å"For Your Eyes Only† performed by Sheena Easton. She actually appeared in the title sequence singing the song. The only singer to actually appear as a character in the film is Madonna in Die Another Day. Duran Duran’s song, â€Å"A View to a Kill† from the film of the same name made it to number one on the U. S. pop charts in 1985 (Chapman, 2000). James Bond has appeared in video games, comic books, and even as an action figure. Countless books, essays and articles have been written about him and songs have been sung in his honor. He’s starred in movies and on television. Ian Fleming’s secret agent has managed to infiltrate just about every aspect of the media in hundreds of languages in countries around the world. With no end in sight, is it any wonder that the American Film Institute has his most famous quotation recorded as the 22nd greatest in cinema history (afi. com 2010)? And with another Bond film on the horizon, we can no doubt be sure that some time in the near future, we will once again be reintroduced to the man known as Agent 007 and will hear the immortal introduction of, â€Å"My name is Bond, James Bond. † Bibliography All Time U. S. A. Top Box Office Leaders by Decade and Year (2010). Retrieved April 11, 2010, from filmsite. org/boxoffice2. html. Amis, Kingsley (1966). The James Bond Dossier. London, Jonathan Cape. Bennett, T. and Woollacott, J. (1987). Bond and Beyond: The Political Career of a Popular Hero. London. Benson, Raymond (1984). The James Bond Bedside Companion. New York, Dodd, Mead and Company. Biederman, Danny (2004). The Incredible World of Spy-Fi. Chronicle Books, Llc. Chancellor, Henry (2005). James Bond: The Man and His World. London, John Murray. Chapman, James (2000). Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films. New York, Columbia University Press. â€Å"Frankly, My Dear, I Don’t Give a Damn† Tops AFI’s List of 100 Greatest Movie Quotes of All Time (2010). Retrieved April 11, 2010 from afi. com/tvevents/100years/quotes. aspx. Harry Potter Becomes Highest Grossing Film Franchise (2007). Retrieved April 11, 2010, from guardian. co. uk/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling. Lycett, Andrew (1995). Ian Fleming: The Man Behind James Bond. London: Turner Pub. QA with Mel Brooks. Los Angeles Times. May 19, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2010 from latimes. com/entertainment/news/movies/la-et-brooks20-2008may20,0,4126646. story. Sandbrook, Dominic (2005). Never Had It So Good. London, Little Brown. Winder, Simon (2006). The Man Who Saved Britain: A Personal Journey Into the Disturbing World of James Bond. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Annotated Bibliography For The Topic Affect Of Fast Food Restaurant

For The Topic Affect Of Fast Food Restaurant - Annotated Bibliography Example Angell, Sonia Y., et al. "Change in trans fatty acid content of fast-food purchases associated with New York City's restaurant regulation: A pre–post study." Annals of internal medicine 157.2 (2012): 81-86. The article evaluates the connection between the consumption of fast food and metabolic syndrome and its components in young people in adolescence stage and children. The article finds out that there is no major connection between fast food consumption and other components of metabolic syndrome. However, fast food consumption can lead to metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia. The article is critical for this research as it explains the effect of fast food restaurants such as abdominal obesity among others. The investigation shows the influence of visual information cues and fat content on the choice of food in fast food restaurants. The study examines the connection between fast-food restaurants that are near schools and obesity students who study in California schools. The study reveals that students' exposure to fast food can affect adolescents regarding eating patterns and weight. The study shows that there is a need for policy intervention to limit the nearness of fast-food restaurants to schools. The article is relevant to this research since it reveals the effect of fast food on the weight of primary and secondary students. The article makes a connection between the consumption of fast food items and their effect on health. It reveals that fast food may lead to negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The article is very relevant to the research as it looks at the effect of the various contents of fast food on human beings.

Critique of a Political Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Critique of a Political Speech - Essay Example As I analyzed his delivery, I noticed a disconnect between the words that were on the page and the way he was delivering them. Although a gifted orator, he lack the emotional connection that would make one believe that he not only wrote his own speech, which he probably did not, but that he actually believed in what he was asking the people and congress to believe in. President Obama came to the White House with very little known about his work experience by the public. He was only a fresh senator with only 2 years of legislative work under his belt at the time he began his presidential campaign. Even with all his political shortcomings in terms of work experience and the like, those who covered him during the campaign were all wowed by his most remarkable asset. They all agreed that he was a gifted orator who knew how to truly engage his audience and sway them towards his beliefs by the time that he came to the end of his speech. Sadly, serving as our president did not seem to culti vate that aspect of his oratorical talent. His previous American Job Act speech left many wanting, for his speech was full of words but short in substance. He began his speech with what I believe to be the most self serving opening in the history of speeches: Tonight we meet at an urgent time for our country. We continue to face an economic crisis that has left millions of our neighbors jobless, and a political crisis that has made things worse. This past week, reporters have been asking "What will this speech mean for the President? What will it mean for Congress? How will it affect their polls, and the next election?" His ethos in the previous paragraph was supposed to show us his authority over Congress and make us believe that he is in the best position to help the public interests because he understands the social situation and knows how to solve it. He is after all, the president of the country. Its penultimate leader and father to all those residing in this great land. Instea d, his opening paragraph shows us that he was thinking more about political survival more than anything else. The ethos of his speech veers more on the intrinsic side as we all know that he is not, and will never be one of those common-folk who shall be extremely affected by high gas prices, mortgage problems, or even, loss of jobs, he won't even have a dwindling 401k portfolio. He is obviously conscious of that fact as he never mentions those pressing problems faced by normal people. He chose to open his speech talking about his re-election instead. An opening which, in my honest opinion, weakened the ethos of his whole speech. His speech however, offers a strong argument in terms of pathos that the listeners and others affected by our current socio-political climate can get behind and support. He presented the following argument in support of his American Job Act Bill towards the middle part of his speech: The next election is fourteen months away. And the people who sent us here – the people who hired us to work for them – they don't have the luxury of waiting fourteen months. Some of them are living week to week; paycheck to paycheck; even day to day. They need help, and they need it now. The people who helped draft Pres. Obama's speech were very conscious of the fact that the American public is now very restless and clamoring for change and action from the government. From those who are in power right now. The speech, at

Personal finance project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Personal finance project - Essay Example All these make it extremely confusing for a layman to choose the best options for management of his money. The aim of business portfolio management course was to make one understand different financial products that are available to an individual and the desired mix of assets that shall assure certain amount of returns and ways of conducting a better financial management of one’s portfolio. The paper is a study of management of personal finance under a mock scenario, where the student has to manage a portfolio of stock market, metals in the international market as well as bank deposits in banks that belong to Non Islamic category in Qatar. The case provides the student with a startup capital of QR 1,000,000 million along with the freedom to make investments in various investment options available. The investments are made as per discretion of the investor, inclusive of his personal investment strategy and rationale. The paper also highlights objective of the investment scenario, along with a clear presentation of the strategic investment portfolio. The risk return trade off considered by the investor is emphasized and the paper concludes with an estimation of return of the individual at end of the investment period. The rationale of this project is to determine the level of investment understanding of students, after the course of finance. The project is an assessment and a practical understanding of the investment management course undertaken as a part of this course. The project is also a presentation of a mock investment portfolio based on past data of the markets, which portrays a practical view of the real investment scenario and portfolio management case for a finance manager. The project provides insights into the broader real case scenario with help of a hypothetical situation that is presented to the investor. The investor shall invest in a minimum of 3 stocks at a time and maintain portfolios in

Nikes Competitive Advantages: Strategies in China

Nikes Competitive Advantages: Strategies in China With widely globalization movement, managers in MNCs have to be continually involved into the challenges that mainly include competitive and collaborative challenge. Facing the challenges, Nike has always been a leading sports product organization. Thus, it is meaningful to analyze Nikes global success which will benefit from obtaining relevant international management issues. The aim of this project is to reveal Nikes competitive advantages in global market and especially focus on company strategies in Chinese market. In order to achieve practical guidance, some theoretical tools will be adopted. The project will firstly introduce a literature review which provides the underpinning and explanation of these analysis tools. In the following, Nike company analysis will be discussed into four aspects. The first aspect will examine the national business environment of Nike in the USA by using Porters diamond. In the second and third section, Bartlett and Ghoshals theory will be used to analyze both the competitive challenge and the collaborative challenge of Nike in China. Hofstede culture dimensions will be adopted to analyze the cultural challenge Nike is confronted. Finally, it comes to the conclusion. 1.2 Company overview Through an investment of $500 each by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman, the company (then called Blue Ribbon SportsBLS) was founded in 1964. It has evolved from an importer and distributor of running shoes to the world biggest leader of athletic footwear. Our business model today is basically the same as our model in 1964.It is that we invest our money in design, development, marketing and sales and then contract with other companies to manufacture our products. Knight developed Nikes business model when he was attending Stanford Business School in the early 1960s.He realized that most leading footwear companies were still producing their own shoes in higher-cost countries like the United States and Germany while he US consumer appliance and electronic markets, were starting to be taken over by lower-cost, high-quality Japanese producers. Knight believed that Blue Ribbon Sports could sell in a lower price by distributing its production to Japanese producers to break into this market. So Blue Ribbon Sports began to import high-tech sports shoes from Onitsuka Tiger of Japan. BLS began to have its own branches of shoes, as sales increased to almost $2 million in the early 1970s. The company officially changed its name to Nike, Inc. in 1978.At the beginning time Nike developed a strong working relationship with two Japanese shoe manufacturers, Nippon Rubber and Nihon-Koyo, but as a combination of a tighter labor market, the impact of the first Oil. Crisis on Japans economy, and a shift in the dollar/yen exchange rate in the 1970s, Nike began to search for other producers. Nike established its ow n shoe factories in Maine and New Hampshire to develop a reliable and high-quality production to supply its growing domestic market during these same years. The company also began to contact potential suppliers in Korea, Thailand, China and Taiwan. As costs continued to increase in both Japan and the United States, by the early 1980s, and the Korean government created many incentives to develop Koreas footwear industry, Nike closed its US factories and sourced almost all of its production from Asia. In 1982, 86% of Nikes athletic footwear came from Korea and Taiwan. However, costs also began to increase in the two countries. Nike had to urge its suppliers to re-locate search for other owner-cost countries to relocate their operations. Then the company opened up their factories in Indonesia, China and Vietnam. Nike was able to help its lead vendors establish an extensive network of footwear factories throughout Southeast Asia by guaranteeing a number of important orders and by placing Nike employees at these new factories. At the present, Nikes products are manufactured in more than 700 factories, employing over 500,000 workers in 51 countries of which only 22658 are directs employees, the majority working in the United States. Over the years, Nike has broadened its product range. Whereas in 1980, Nike sold 175 different styles of shoes, it offered many different styles in its spring collection. The company has also focused on apparel and sports equipment and expanded its sales to Europe, Latin America and Asia. Last year, Nike made about $9.5 billion in revenues, of which 59% came from footwear sales and 29% from apparel. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Porters national competitive advantage Michael Porter (1990) meticulously introduced a model that intended to answer the questions, why do some nations succeed and others fail in international competition? and â€Å"why some industries within nations are more competitive than others are† in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Porter (1990) states that the sources of competitive advantage can be found in the â€Å"national diamond,† comprising four major economic attributes: factors conditions, demand conditions, supporting industries and firm strategy and structure. Porter believed that the four elements have bilateral impacts, forming a diamond system. Besides, there are two variables: the Government role and opportunities. The opportunity is beyond control, and the impact of government policies can not be ignored. All the determinants comprise a diagram as follow. Factor conditions Factor conditions can be categorized into two forms: â€Å"Home-Grown† resources and highly specialized resources. The first one referred to the original resources from one nation. And the latter one pointed out that a country creates its own important factors such as skilled resources and technological base. In the actual competition, Porter (1990) stated that sufficient in natural resources or low cost factors often result in inefficient allocation of resources. By contraries, local insufficient in factors of production could lead to innovation. Also, resource constraints may encourage development of substitute capabilities. For example, Japans relative lack of raw materials has stimulated miniaturization and zero-defect manufacturing (Grant, 1991). Demand conditions According to Porter (1990), demand conditions in the domestic market provide the primary driver of growth, innovation and quality improvement. A strong domestic market could be seen as stimulation to the firm from being a startup to a slightly expanded and bigger organization. For example, the worlds famous automobile companies like Mercedes, BMW, and Porsche in the case of German have dominated the world when it comes to the high-performance segment of the world automobile industry. However, in German, automobiles with a cheaper price in the market have little competitive advantage. The reasons could be attributed to the demand conditions in domestic market. The Germany market traditionally demanded a high level of engineering performance. Also, the transport infrastructure of Germany such as Autobahns does tend to favor high-performance automobiles. Related and supporting industries The third determinant of national advantage is the presence in the nation of related and supporting industries that are internationally competitive. Based on Porters view, when local supporting industries are competitive, related company will enjoy more cost effective and innovative inputs. Secondly, this effect is strengthened when the suppliers themselves are strong global competitors. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry Inevitably, the strategies and the structure of the firms play a key role to influence the national performance in particular sectors. Also, competition indeed has a great impact on driving innovation and the subsequent up gradation of competitive advantage. Obviously, domestic competition is more direct compared with the impact of foreign competitors. So the stimulus provided by home national competition is higher in terms of innovation and efficiency. As an example, in the Japanese electronic industry, there are many local competitors (Panasonic, Sony, Toshiba, Mitsubishi and so on) providing intense competition in the domestic market, as well as the foreign markets in which they compete. Governments role Despite the impact from Government policies and regulations do not belongs to the major determinant of national advantage, to some extent, they play an important role on influencing the national system. Porter (1990) pointed out â€Å"Governments proper role is as a catalyst and challenger. At first, government can provide a basic environment for industry development, since it could invest on infrastructure development, opening up capital channels, training information integration and so on. Also, governments can create new opportunities and pressures through intervene activity. In addition, governmental sourcing could enlarge product demand. What is most important, the government could ensure that the domestic market is under lively competition, avoiding Trust status. Opportunities Opportunities can not be met rectifiable, and one opportunity could influence the four elements to change. Porter (1990) pointed out that, in terms of the enterprise development, there are several circumstances when chances are brought: the basis of scientific and technological inventions, fault emerging in traditional technologies, a sudden increase the cost of production caused by external factors (such as the oil crisis), financial markets or major changes in the exchange rate, market demand surge, the governments major policy decisions and war. In fact, the opportunity is a two-way. It is quite often that new competitors gain an advantage accompanying with an advantage concession of other competitors. And only when enterprise could continually meet the new needs of manufacturers, â€Å"opportunities† will be developed. Flaws in Porters diamond Although Porters model is widely used, it also has a number of critics. Firstly, Dunning (1993) pointed out that there is nothing new in Porters diamond analysis. Dunning commented that a countrys competitive advantages were under the impact of globalization of production and markets. He also pointed out that value generating assets of a country has been taking the form of created assets like human capital instead of the natural assets like land and untrained labor. Thus, Dunning considered that Porters diamond of national competitive advantages was required to be transnational since widespread globalization of the world economy. Secondly, Rugman and DCrusz (1993) stated that Porters diamond underestimated the importance of foreign investment. This model could not adequately explain the competitive advantages of developing countries which heavily depend on foreign direct investment. (Lee, 1998) And they also commented that this model is incomplete for small economics which are not pa rts of the trial nations and is only applicable to triad nations. Thus, they thought Porter only thought over the exports and outward FDI of domestic industries and further neglected the sales abroad by foreign subsidiaries. Whats more, Bosh and Proijen (1992) stated that Porter paid too much attention on the importance of culture while evaluating the international competitive advantages. Meanwhile, Ball and McCulloch (1999) implied that this models evidence is anecdotal without empirical evidence. And it is an ex-post model and has no predictive powers since the number of variables lead to weaken any predictions, in particular inclusion of chance into the equation. To sum up, Porters diamond still is a useful tool to examine competitive advantages although it has insufficient application. 2.2 Competitive challenge MNEs need to create and sustain competitive advantages to overwhelm the competitive challenges from the global competitors. There are a great many of varied prescriptions about selecting strategies to develop advantages. It is argued that one of the successful strategies is to produce products standardized and sell them throughout the market via the same ways (Levitt 1983). On the contrary, some scholars suggest that, rather than single product, a relatively broader product portfolio with products diversity can enable the share of investment (Hamel and Prahalad 1985). In addition, Porter et al (1982) indicted that, to implement global strategy effectively, it needs a number of approaches including exploiting economics of scale via global volume and managing interdependently to achieve synergies across different activities. Two basic types of competitive advantage which are lower cost and differentiation are suggested by Porter (1990) as well. Porter points out that, to achieve competitive advantage, it is necessary for a firm to provide customers with values more efficiently (low cost) or to create greater values and charge a premium price in a more special way (differentiation) than its rivals. By contrary of the above statements, to build up competitive advantage sustainably, MNEs are suggested to achieve three strategic objectives which are global efficiency, multinational flexibility and worldwide learning (Bartlett et al. 2008). However, it challenges almost all MNEs to achieve all of these objectives at the same time. Efficiency can be considered as the ratio of the value of a firms output to the value of its input while Flexibility means the â€Å"the ability of a company to manage the risks and exploit the opportunities that arise from the volatility of a global environment† (Bartlett et al., 2008, p.200). The last objective refers to the ability of a firm to learn from its exposure and opportunities internationally, and to apply the learning in a global environment. For the purpose of building up global competitive advantage, it is suggested three fundamental tools: â€Å"exploiting differences in sources in sourcing and market potential across countries, exploiting economies of scope and exploiting economies of scale† (Bartlett et al. 2008, p.201). Factors which may lead to competitive advantage are indicated by every goals-means intersection indicates (Bartlett et al., 2008). Table 1 shows the varied goals and means to achieve competitive advantage throughout the world. Table 1: Worldwide Advantage: Goals and Means StrategicObjectives Sources of Competitive Advantage National Differences Scale Economies Scope Economies Achieving efficiency in current operations Benefiting from differences in facto costs-wages and cost of capital Expanding and exploiting potential scale economies in each activity Sharing of investments and costs across markets and business Managing risks through multinational flexibility Managing different kinds of risks arising from market-or policy-induced changes in comparative advantages of different countries Balancing scale with strategic and operational flexibility Portfolio diversification of risks and creation of options and side bets Innovation, teaming, and adaptation Learning from societal differences in organizational and managerial processes and systems Benefiting from experience- cost reduction and innovation Shared learning across organizational components in different products, markets, or businesses Source: Bartlett et al. (2008), p203 There are four strategies which can enable exploiting competitive advantage through different goal-means combinations (Bartlett et al., 2008): Multinational strategy achieves most strategic goals by emphasizing national differences. The firms which have adopted this strategy tend to operate business based on local environment. They are flexible and responsive to local environment, but there is a lack of capability to learn globally within these firms owing to the fact that almost all national units operate independently. Based on the worldwide environment, international companies apply all the approaches to create and exploit innovations. This approach is helpful to strengthen the ability of developing innovations and leveraging knowledge on a worldwide basis; however it is challenged by the problem of deficiencies in both respects of efficiency and flexibility. All the means are applied by MNEs which adopt global strategy to realize global efficiency. However, flexibility and worldwide learning this kind of approach may be negatively influenced by this kind of approach. What is more, high sourcing risks may be resulted from the focus of activities of achieving scale economies. The three traditional strategies discussed above respectively possess unique assumptions about how to build up worldwide competitive advantage. Multinational companies emphasize differentiation, international companies focus on innovations, and global companies concentrate on building the best-cost position. It is indicated that a global industry can be more successful than a multinational one in some industries (Yip 1989). Additionally, Yip (1989) also suggested that a balance between overglobalizing and underglobalizing can be found in most successful strategies. Nevertheless, Bartlett et al. (2008) believed that the best strategy should be consisted of syntheses of all these approaches. It suggests that MNEs should adopt the transnational strategies which â€Å"focus on exploiting each and every goal-means combination to develop layers of competitive advantage by exploiting efficiency, flexibility, and learning simultaneously† (Bartlett et al., 2008). Strategic orientation and configuration of assets and capabilities vary with the four types of companies, which is shown by table 2. Table 2: Strategic Orientation and Configuration of Assets and Capabilities in Multinational, International, Global, and Transnational Companies Multinational International Global Transnational Strategic orientation Building flexibility to respond to national differences through strong, resourceful, and entrepreneurial national operations Exploiting parent-company knowledge, capabilities through worldwide diffusion and adaptation Building cost advantages through centralized, global-scale operations Developing global efficiency flexibility, worldwide learning capability simultaneously Configuration Of assets and capabilities Decentralized and nationally self-sufficient Sources of core competencies centralized, others decentralized Centralized and globally scaled Dispersed, interdependent, and specialized Source: Bartlett et al (2008), p206 2.3 Collaborative challenge A number of organizations tend to cooperate with other parties such as their suppliers, distributors and competitors, when they believe that it is difficult to develop and enhance the global competitive advantages in the increasingly complex global environment (Bartlett et al. 2008). The strategic alliance is viewed as the most important collaborative strategy, which is to set the cooperative relationships between MNEs and their rivals (Bartlett et al. 2008). Bartlett (2008) stated that â€Å"strategic alliances had become central components of most MNE strategies† The strategic alliances is divided into two categories namely scale alliances and link alliances (Daniels et al., 2007). Moreover, Griffin and Pustay (2005) identified two broad types of the strategic alliance, which includes the comprehensive and functional alliance. The latter one includes production alliance, marketing alliances, financial alliances and RD alliances. The alliances assist of some types such as cooperation agreement, franchising and joint venture (Bartlett et al., 2008). There are some differences between the traditional joint venture and the new forms of strategic alliances. The traditional form seems to be used for a senior multinational firm in an industrialized country and a junior local partner in a less-developed or less-industrialized country. The new strategic alliances tend to serve the organization in industrialized countries. At the same time, the modern alliances concentrate on the development and innovation of new products and technologies rather than t he distribution of existing ones. What is more, the present-day strategic alliances seem not to survive for a long time to contribute for the companies. There are some main reasons that the companies need to set the collaborative arrangement. Daniels et al. (2007) identified two groups of motivations. In the first place, the companies need to consider the general reasons, which involve spread and reduce costs, specialize in competencies, avoid or counter competition, secure vertical and horizontal links, and learn from other companies. The second one is the specific reasons, including gain location-specific assets, overcome legal constraints, diversify geographically, and minimize exposure in risky environments. However, Bartlett et al. (2008) outlined that there are five significant motivated issues to support the building of strategic alliances: technology exchange, global competition, industry convergence, economies of scale and reduction of risk, and alliances as an alternative to merger. Bartlett et al. (2008) also identified the risks and costs of collaboration. The collaborative alliances could create the opportunities for one or both cooperators to enhance the competitive advantages better than other, and there is the risk that â€Å"collaborating with a competitor might be a precursor to a takeover by one of the final† (Bartlett et al. 2008). Therefore, the organizations need to have the capability to manage the cooperated relationship in order to reduce the collaborative risks. There are three dominating challenges namely managing the boundary, managing knowledge flows, and providing strategic directions. However, there are some principles set to estimate which companies benefit most from competitive collaborations. These principles include as: collaboration is competition in a different form; harmony is not the most important measure of success; cooperation has limits; learning from partners is paramount. 2.4 Cultural challenge Understanding culture differences and diversifications is vital for MNCs managers in international business and foreign affairs. In this context, the major task for MNCs is to adapt different culture in different countries effectively and efficiently. 2.4.1 Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstede (1980) created five dimensions to distinct countries with their respective culture backgrounds, which are Individualism-Collectivism, Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity-Femininity and Long term-Short term orientation. Power distance Power distance is â€Å"the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power distributed unequally (Hofstede and Bond, 1984).† Leaders from high power distance countries, for example, Belgium and France, are more likely to enquire the low-level employees to obey their orders blindly. What the subordinates think or achieve for the company is not important. So the authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style could be accepted in these countries. On the contrary, low power distance countries for instance, the US and UK, leaders from these countries should be resourceful democrat. And subordinates expect to be consulted and their advices to be taken seriously. They also consider hierarchy in organizations as exploitation (Yates, 2008). Therefore in these countries participative leadership style could be useful. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is â€Å"the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid this (Hofstede, 1980). In high uncertainty avoidance countries, such as Belgium and Japan, leaders generally do not like uncertainties. They trust on experts and their knowledge, institute many rules to fulfill the high need for security and nearly have no tolerant for deviant ideas (Hodgetts, 2006). Thus, authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style could work in these countries. Conversely, in low uncertainty avoidance countries such as The United States and The United Kingdom, leaders are more of risk takers. Fewer rules are set in the organizations and deviant ideas are to some extent welcomed by the leaders. Therefore, participative leadership style could be popular in these countries. Masculinity Masculinity is defined by Hofstede (1980) to describe â€Å"a situation in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things.† The other side versus the masculinity is femininity which is also defined by Hofstede (1980) as, â€Å"a situation in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life.† Japan has a highly masculinity orientation. (Hodgetts et al, 2006). Leaders with this kind of cultural background are expected to be decisive, firm, assertive, aggressive and competitive culture heroes. Few of them are female. On the contrary, Russia and most of the socialist nations scores low for this dimension, such as China and France (Brandley, 1999). To support the needs of the workers and their families is the most important role of the manager with in these countries. They are employees like others. Individualism Individualism is â€Å"the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only†. (Hodgetts et al, 2006) The opposite side versus individualism is collectivism which is â€Å"the tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty (Hodgetts et al, 2006). Most high individualism countries are wealthy countries with high GNP. However, Japan is an exception, Leaders from collectivism countries pays more attention on work in a union. Japan is a typical collective country. For example, the president of Sony Corporation, Akio Morita once said his firm likes a ship; each employee shares the same fate. All staff would suffer if one went wrong (Lee, 1982). In the contrast, individualism focuses on individuals. As an example, the USA leaders usually appraise the performance of the substance individually, because it was found by Earleys study (1989) that, American performed well when they are told their achievement would be measured individually. Long-term orientation Leaders from LTO countries are persistent, ordering relationships by status and observing this order, thrift and having a sense of shame. In the contrast, STO countries leaders are with personal steadiness and stability and reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts (Hofstede, 1991). Therefore, authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style could increase the efficiency of management in the LTO countries. On the contrast Participative leadership style could be efficacious in STO countries. In the background of global economics, multinational enterprises are growing rapidly. It has become a common phenomenon that a manager enter into a new countries to lead a group of people with diverse cultural background. Nike is one typical MNC among them. In the following parts, this essay will use the Nike case as an example which manifests that different countries with their respective culture backgrounds require different leadership styles. 2.4.3 Criticism Hofstede derived his data from questionnaires that were distributed among employees of IBM. However, this theory may hide certain dimensions, or values may be wrongly derived because of certain situational influences on the respondents. As a result, Hofstedes research has been criticized by other theorists. Firstly, Tayeb (1996) pointed out that this research was based on attitude-survey questionnaire which could not effectively reflect underlying values of culture. Secondly, IBM as the only sample is not representative. (Robinson, 1983) This is because IBM mainly is comprised of middle-class employees and it has a powerful US-derived organization culture, namely, the respondents may not reflect local national cultures. Thirdly, Hofstede and his associates come from Europe and America and may have cultural bias. (Roberts and Boyacigiller, 1984) Fourthly, Mead (1994) stated that Hofstedes research has been outdated whose research was conducted between 1967 and 1973. Young people have being influenced deeply by the development of globalization and they tend to share a common set of values recently. Generally speaking, despite Hofstedes model has many limitations, it is still a simple and easily comprehensible model to research nations cultural differences. 3 Company analysis 3.1 Sports products Industry relate to American National Diamond 3.1.1 Factor Conditions From the factor conditions view, there is a good home base for sports products companies in US. Firstly,